本来不是很想写这一篇,因为网上的文章真的烂大街了,我写的真的很有可能没别人写得好。但是想了想,创建这个博客就是想通过对外输出知识的方式来提高自身水平,而不是说我每篇都能写得有多好多好然后吸引别人来看。那作为对整个合集内容的完善,这篇博客会解析现在最火的LLaMA3的模型架构,搞清楚现在的LLM都是啥样的。
事先说明,LlaMA 3 相较于LLaMA 2 在网络架构上没有改进。用知乎网友的话说,“llama3的发布,更强调了数据工程的重要:模型架构不变,更多的数据量和更高数据质量能够带来明显模型效果提升”。但是仔细看看一个LLM的源码,对于我这种初学者,还是非常有必要的。
还有就是,这个博客解析的源码是这个版本的。如果后面Meta更新的部分代码导致和这篇博客内容对不上,你可以先翻阅这个版本的源码。如果还有什么解决不了的,可以在这篇博客下面给我留言,我们共同学习共同进步。
Llama
类:起步
Llama.build
与如何看源码
我们通过llama3的ReadMe,找到了[这个demo],demo通过
from llama import Dialog, Llama
generator = (ckpt_dir, tokenizer_path, max_seq_len, max_batch_size)
results = generator.chat_completion(dialogs, max_gen_len, temperature, top_p)
完成对话。它先调用了 Llama.build
,再对返回的对象调用了generator.chat_completion
完成对话的功能;导入的库是llama
。 进而关注到repo下面的llama
文件夹,所以会先看一看文件夹下面的__init__.py
:
from .generation import Llama
from .model import ModelArgs, Transformer
from .tokenizer import Dialog, Tokenizer
所以demo调用的 Llama.build
在 .generation
里面。顺藤摸瓜找到:
class Llama:
@staticmethod
def build(
ckpt_dir: str,
tokenizer_path: str,
max_seq_len: int,
max_batch_size: int,
model_parallel_size: Optional[int] = None,
seed: int = 1,
) -> "Llama":
"""
Build a Llama instance by initializing and loading a model checkpoint.
Args:
ckpt_dir (str): 模型检查点文件的路径
tokenizer_path (str): 模型tokenizer文件路径.
max_seq_len (int): Maximum sequence length for input text.
max_batch_size (int): Maximum batch size for inference.
model_parallel_size (Optional[int], optional): Number of model parallel processes.
If not provided, it's determined from the environment. Defaults to None.
Returns:
Llama: An instance of the Llama class with the loaded model and tokenizer.
"""
# 这里首先是一些模型并行设置
if not torch.distributed.is_initialized():
torch.distributed.init_process_group("nccl")
if not model_parallel_is_initialized():
if model_parallel_size is None:
model_parallel_size = int(os.environ.get("WORLD_SIZE", 1))
initialize_model_parallel(model_parallel_size)
# 多机训练/推理一个模型的话,每个机器都会有个rank。这里就是配置这个rank的。
local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", 0))
torch.cuda.set_device(local_rank)
# 随机种子
torch.manual_seed(seed)
# 设置输出只在一台设备上进行
if local_rank > 0:
sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
# 终于到加载模型相关的代码了
start_time = time.time()
checkpoints = sorted(Path(ckpt_dir).glob("*.pth"))
# 检查模型检查点文件的数量是否合乎要求
assert len(checkpoints) > 0, f"no checkpoint files found in {ckpt_dir}"
assert model_parallel_size == len(
checkpoints
), f"Loading a checkpoint for MP={len(checkpoints)} but world size is {model_parallel_size}"
# 加载模型。多机运行时`get_model_parallel_rank()`返回的结果不一样,所以不需要写for循环。这里的思想有cuda编程那味了
ckpt_path = checkpoints[get_model_parallel_rank()]
checkpoint = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location="cpu")
# TODO: 读取`params.json`并通过类`ModelArgs`加载进变量`model_args`。这个类我们待会讲
with open(Path(ckpt_dir) / "params.json", "r") as f:
params = json.loads(f.read())
model_args: ModelArgs = ModelArgs(
max_seq_len=max_seq_len,
max_batch_size=max_batch_size,
**params,
)
# TODO: 加载Tokenizer。Tokenizer我们待会讲
tokenizer = Tokenizer(model_path=tokenizer_path)
assert model_args.vocab_size == tokenizer.n_words
# 半精度相关
if torch.cuda.is_bf16_supported():
torch.set_default_tensor_type(torch.cuda.BFloat16Tensor)
else:
torch.set_default_tensor_type(torch.cuda.HalfTensor)
# TODO: 是的,llama3的模型主体就是这里的Transformer类。直接model.load_state_dict就能加载好权重。这个也待会讲
model = Transformer(model_args)
model.load_state_dict(checkpoint, strict=False)
print(f"Loaded in {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds")
# TODO: 到这里其实啥都加载完了,这里返回了个Llama类。
return Llama(model, tokenizer)
这段代码看下来逻辑很清晰,就是给我们留下了几个TODO,这些我们都会讲到。
ModelArgs
类
我们首先看到ModelArgs
类,这个类只用于保存一些参数,@dataclass
装饰器就已经说明了一切:
@dataclass
class ModelArgs:
dim: int = 4096 # 模型维度
n_layers: int = 32 # 层数
n_heads: int = 32 # 头数
n_kv_heads: Optional[int] = None
vocab_size: int = -1 # 词汇表大小
multiple_of: int = 256 # make SwiGLU hidden layer size multiple of large power of 2
ffn_dim_multiplier: Optional[float] = None
norm_eps: float = 1e-5
rope_theta: float = 500000
max_batch_size: int = 32
max_seq_len: int = 2048 # 序列长度
llama.__init__()
最后这一句return Llama(model, tokenizer)
,它实际上会调用Llama.__init__()
,代码如下:
from llama.tokenizer import ChatFormat, Dialog, Message, Tokenizer
def __init__(self, model: Transformer, tokenizer: Tokenizer):
self.model = model
self.tokenizer = tokenizer
# TODO: ChatFormat类解析
self.formatter = ChatFormat(tokenizer)
是的,简单赋值就结束了。formatter
这里用到的ChatFormat
类我们一会随tokenizer一起解析。
Transformer
类:Llama3模型架构详解
这一部分应该是被人关心得最多的部分了。
Transformer.__init__()
首先看模型初始化,这里就是设置了一堆类的属性。我们直接上代码,解析见代码注释:
from fairscale.nn.model_parallel.layers import (
ColumnParallelLinear,
RowParallelLinear,
VocabParallelEmbedding,
) # FairScale库的模块都是用于实现模型并行化的,不需要深究
class Transformer(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, params: ModelArgs):
super().__init__()
self.params = params
self.vocab_size = params.vocab_size
self.n_layers = params.n_layers
# VocabParallelEmbedding类导入自fairscale,功能同`torch.nn.embedding`
self.tok_embeddings = VocabParallelEmbedding(
params.vocab_size, params.dim, init_method=lambda x: x
)
self.layers = torch.nn.ModuleList()
for layer_id in range(params.n_layers):
# TODO: TransformerBlock
self.layers.append(TransformerBlock(layer_id, params))
# TODO: RMSNorm
self.norm = RMSNorm(params.dim, eps=params.norm_eps)
# ColumnParallelLinear 相当于 `torch.nn.linear`
self.output = ColumnParallelLinear(
params.dim, params.vocab_size, bias=False, init_method=lambda x: x
)
# TODO: precompute_freqs_cis
self.freqs_cis = precompute_freqs_cis(
params.dim // params.n_heads,
params.max_seq_len * 2,
params.rope_theta,
)
precompute_freqs_cis
def precompute_freqs_cis(dim: int, end: int, theta: float = 10000.0):
# 计算词向量元素两两分组以后,每组元素对应的旋转角度
# torch.arange(0, dim, 2): 生成 [0,2,4...126]
freqs = 1.0 / (theta ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2)[: (dim // 2)].float() / dim))
t = torch.arange(end, device=freqs.device, dtype=torch.float32) # t = [0,....end]
# torch.outer: torch.outer(a, b) = a^T * b
freqs = torch.outer(t, freqs) # freqs.shape = (t.len(),freqs.len()) #shape (end,dim//2)
# 根据角坐标生成复数向量
# torch.polar(abs,angle): abs*cos(angle) + abs*sin(angle)*j
freqs_cis = torch.polar(torch.ones_like(freqs), freqs) # freqs_cis.shape = (end,dim//2)
return freqs_cis
reshape_for_broadcast
def reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cis: torch.Tensor, x: torch.Tensor):
# ndim为x的维度数, 此时应该为4
ndim = x.ndim
assert 0 <= 1 < ndim
assert freqs_cis.shape == (x.shape[1], x.shape[-1])
shape = [d if i == 1 or i == ndim - 1 else 1 for i, d in enumerate(x.shape)]
# (1, x.shape[1], 1, x.shape[-1])
return freqs_cis.view(*shape)
apply_rotary_emb
def apply_rotary_emb(
xq: torch.Tensor,
xk: torch.Tensor,
freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
"""将xq和xk的最后一个维度进行复数运算,得到新的xq和xk"""
# xq.shape = [bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim]
# xq_.shape = [bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim//2 , 2]
# torch.view_as_complex用于将二维向量转换为复数域 torch.view_as_complex即([x,y]) -> (x+yj)
# 所以经过view_as_complex变换后xq_.shape = [bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim//2]
xq_ = torch.view_as_complex(xq.float().reshape(*xq.shape[:-1], -1, 2))
xk_ = torch.view_as_complex(xk.float().reshape(*xk.shape[:-1], -1, 2))
freqs_cis = reshape_for_broadcast(freqs_cis, xq_) # freqs_cis.shape = (1,x.shape[1],1,x.shape[-1])
# xq_ 与freqs_cis广播哈达玛积
# [bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim//2] * [1,seqlen,1,self.head_dim//2]
# torch.view_as_real用于将复数再转换回实数向量, 再经过flatten展平第4个维度
# [bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim//2] ->[bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim//2,2 ] ->[bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim]
xq_out = torch.view_as_real(xq_ * freqs_cis).flatten(3)
xk_out = torch.view_as_real(xk_ * freqs_cis).flatten(3)
return xq_out.type_as(xq), xk_out.type_as(xk)
TransformerBlock
类
这个类比较简单,只是一个transformer block。
class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, layer_id: int, args: ModelArgs):
"""初始化函数主要就是定义了transformer block的各个组件,包括自注意力机制和前馈神经网络。"""
super().__init__()
self.n_heads = args.n_heads
self.dim = args.dim
self.head_dim = args.dim // args.n_heads
# TODO: Attention
self.attention = Attention(args)
# TODO: FeedForward
self.feed_forward = FeedForward(
dim=args.dim, hidden_dim=4 * args.dim, multiple_of=args.multiple_of, ffn_dim_multiplier=args.ffn_dim_multiplier,
)
self.layer_id = layer_id
self.attention_norm = RMSNorm(args.dim, eps=args.norm_eps)
self.ffn_norm = RMSNorm(args.dim, eps=args.norm_eps)
def forward(
self,
x: torch.Tensor,
start_pos: int,
freqs_cis: torch.Tensor,
mask: Optional[torch.Tensor],
):
"""这个函数是transformer block的前向传播函数,输入是x,start_pos,freqs_cis,mask,输出是out"""
# 这个函数的实现比较简单,首先对输入张量x进行自注意力机制计算,然后对计算结果进行残差连接和归一化,再通过前馈神经网络计算,最后再次进行残差连接和归一化。
h = x + self.attention(self.attention_norm(x), start_pos, freqs_cis, mask)
out = h + self.feed_forward(self.ffn_norm(h))
return out
Attention
类
为了实现Group Query Attention,这里用到了一个函数repeat_kv
,它的作用是将key和value的head维度重复n_rep次,以匹配query的head数。repeat_kv
函数使用 expand
方法将输入张量在第四个维度上扩展 n_rep 次,并使用 reshape
方法将其调整为适当的形状
def repeat_kv(x: torch.Tensor, n_rep: int) -> torch.Tensor:
"""torch.repeat_interleave(x, dim=2, repeats=n_rep)"""
bs, slen, n_kv_heads, head_dim = x.shape
if n_rep == 1:
return x
return (
x[:, :, :, None, :]
.expand(bs, slen, n_kv_heads, n_rep, head_dim)
.reshape(bs, slen, n_kv_heads * n_rep, head_dim)
)
# 精简版Attention
class Attention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, args: ModelArgs):
super().__init__()
self.wq = Linear(...)
self.wk = Linear(...)
self.wv = Linear(...)
self.freqs_cis = precompute_freqs_cis(dim, max_seq_len * 2)
def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
bsz, seqlen, _ = x.shape
xq, xk, xv = self.wq(x), self.wk(x), self.wv(x)
xq = xq.view(bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_heads, self.head_dim)
xk = xk.view(bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_kv_heads, self.head_dim)
xv = xv.view(bsz, seqlen, self.n_local_kv_heads, self.head_dim)
# attention 操作之前,应用旋转位置编码
xq, xk = apply_rotary_emb(xq, xk, freqs_cis=freqs_cis)
#...
# 进行后续Attention计算
scores = torch.matmul(xq, xk.transpose(1, 2)) / math.sqrt(dim)
scores = F.softmax(scores.float(), dim=-1)
output = torch.matmul(scores, xv) # (batch_size, seq_len, dim)
Transformer.forward()
前向传播就是我们熟悉的 Transformer 前向传播了。
@torch.inference_mode()
def forward(self, tokens: torch.Tensor, start_pos: int):
_bsz, seqlen = tokens.shape # 批大小和序列长度
h = self.tok_embeddings(tokens) # 词嵌入层进行嵌入,得到表示输入序列的张量h
self.freqs_cis = self.freqs_cis.to(h.device) # 将频率转换为与输入张量相同的设备
freqs_cis = self.freqs_cis[start_pos : start_pos + seqlen] # 从预计算的频率张量中提取频率
mask = None # 用于在自注意力机制中屏蔽不必要的位置的mask
if seqlen > 1:
mask = torch.full((seqlen, seqlen), float("-inf"), device=tokens.device) # 创建一个形状为(seqlen, seqlen)的张量,填充为负无穷
mask = torch.triu(mask, diagonal=1) # 上三角矩阵
mask = torch.hstack(
[torch.zeros((seqlen, start_pos), device=tokens.device), mask]
).type_as(h) # 将mask张量与全零张量水平拼接,以适应输入张量h的维度
for layer in self.layers:
h = layer(h, start_pos, freqs_cis, mask) # 逐层进行transformer计算
h = self.norm(h) # 对输出张量进行归一化
output = self.output(h).float() # 输出层进行线性变换
return output
Tokenizer
类
Tokenizer
类主要调用tiktoken
库,没啥好讲的。这里的函数大多是前面定义了一大堆东西,但是翻阅具体业务的时候发现其实还是在调库。
class Tokenizer:
"""
Tokenizing and encoding/decoding text using the Tiktoken tokenizer.
"""
special_tokens: Dict[str, int]
num_reserved_special_tokens = 256
pat_str = r"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+" # noqa: E501
def __init__(self, model_path: str):
"""
Initializes the Tokenizer with a Tiktoken model.
Args:
model_path (str): The path to the Tiktoken model file.
"""
assert os.path.isfile(model_path), model_path
mergeable_ranks = load_tiktoken_bpe(model_path)
num_base_tokens = len(mergeable_ranks)
special_tokens = [
"<|begin_of_text|>", "<|end_of_text|>",
"<|start_header_id|>", "<|end_header_id|>", "<|eot_id|>", # end of turn
"<|reserved_special_token_0|>", "<|reserved_special_token_1|>",
"<|reserved_special_token_2|>", "<|reserved_special_token_3|>", "<|reserved_special_token_4|>",
] + [
f"<|reserved_special_token_{i}|>"
for i in range(5, self.num_reserved_special_tokens - 5)
]
self.special_tokens = {
token: num_base_tokens + i for i, token in enumerate(special_tokens)
}
self.model = tiktoken.Encoding(
name=Path(model_path).name, pat_str=self.pat_str,
mergeable_ranks=mergeable_ranks, special_tokens=self.special_tokens,
)
self.n_words: int = self.model.n_vocab
# BOS / EOS token IDs
self.bos_id: int = self.special_tokens["<|begin_of_text|>"]
self.eos_id: int = self.special_tokens["<|end_of_text|>"]
self.pad_id: int = -1
self.stop_tokens = {
self.special_tokens["<|end_of_text|>"],
self.special_tokens["<|eot_id|>"],
}
def encode(
self, s: str, *, bos: bool, eos: bool,
allowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], AbstractSet[str]] = set(),
disallowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], Collection[str]] = (),
) -> List[int]:
"""
Encodes a string into a list of token IDs.
Args:
s (str): The input string to be encoded.
bos (bool): Whether to prepend the beginning-of-sequence token.
eos (bool): Whether to append the end-of-sequence token.
allowed_tokens ("all"|set[str]): allowed special tokens in string
disallowed_tokens ("all"|set[str]): special tokens that raise an error when in string
Returns:
list[int]: A list of token IDs.
By default, setting disallowed_special=() encodes a string by ignoring
special tokens. Specifically:
- Setting `disallowed_special` to () will cause all text corresponding
to special tokens to be encoded as natural text (insteading of raising
an error).
- Setting `allowed_special` to "all" will treat all text corresponding
to special tokens to be encoded as special tokens.
"""
assert type(s) is str
# The tiktoken tokenizer can handle <=400k chars without pyo3_runtime.PanicException.
TIKTOKEN_MAX_ENCODE_CHARS = 400_000
# Here we iterate over subsequences and split if we exceed the limit of max consecutive non-whitespace or whitespace characters.
MAX_NO_WHITESPACES_CHARS = 25_000
substrs = (
substr
for i in range(0, len(s), TIKTOKEN_MAX_ENCODE_CHARS)
for substr in self._split_whitespaces_or_nonwhitespaces(
s[i : i + TIKTOKEN_MAX_ENCODE_CHARS], MAX_NO_WHITESPACES_CHARS
)
)
t: List[int] = []
for substr in substrs:
t.extend(
# 调用在这里
self.model.encode(
substr,
allowed_special=allowed_special,
disallowed_special=disallowed_special,
)
)
if bos:
t.insert(0, self.bos_id)
if eos:
t.append(self.eos_id)
return t
def decode(self, t: Sequence[int]) -> str:
"""
Decodes a list of token IDs into a string.
Args:
t (List[int]): The list of token IDs to be decoded.
Returns:
str: The decoded string.
"""
# Typecast is safe here. Tiktoken doesn't do anything list-related with the sequence.
return self.model.decode(cast(List[int], t))
@staticmethod
def _split_whitespaces_or_nonwhitespaces(
s: str, max_consecutive_slice_len: int
) -> Iterator[str]:
"""
Splits the string `s` so that each substring contains no more than `max_consecutive_slice_len`
consecutive whitespaces or consecutive non-whitespaces.
"""
current_slice_len = 0
current_slice_is_space = s[0].isspace() if len(s) > 0 else False
slice_start = 0
for i in range(len(s)):
is_now_space = s[i].isspace()
if current_slice_is_space ^ is_now_space:
current_slice_len = 1
current_slice_is_space = is_now_space
else:
current_slice_len += 1
if current_slice_len > max_consecutive_slice_len:
yield s[slice_start:i]
slice_start = i
current_slice_len = 1
yield s[slice_start:]
ChatFormat
类
ChatFormat
类借助Tokenizer
类,对Tokenizer
进行了进一步包装,提供了encode_header
、encode_message
、encode_dialog_prompt
三种encode方式。
class ChatFormat:
def __init__(self, tokenizer: Tokenizer):
self.tokenizer = tokenizer
def encode_header(self, message: Message) -> List[int]:
tokens = []
tokens.append(self.tokenizer.special_tokens["<|start_header_id|>"])
tokens.extend(self.tokenizer.encode(message["role"], bos=False, eos=False))
tokens.append(self.tokenizer.special_tokens["<|end_header_id|>"])
tokens.extend(self.tokenizer.encode("\n\n", bos=False, eos=False))
return tokens
def encode_message(self, message: Message) -> List[int]:
tokens = self.encode_header(message)
tokens.extend(
self.tokenizer.encode(message["content"].strip(), bos=False, eos=False)
)
tokens.append(self.tokenizer.special_tokens["<|eot_id|>"])
return tokens
def encode_dialog_prompt(self, dialog: Dialog) -> List[int]:
tokens = []
tokens.append(self.tokenizer.special_tokens["<|begin_of_text|>"])
for message in dialog:
tokens.extend(self.encode_message(message))
# Add the start of an assistant message for the model to complete.
tokens.extend(self.encode_header({"role": "assistant", "content": ""}))
return tokens
总结
以上就是全部的源码解读。如有疑问请留言。
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